mice: Imputing multi-level data
Gerko Vink and Stef van Buuren
Vignette 5 of 6
This is the fifth vignette in a series of six.
In this vignette we will focus on multi-level imputation. You need to have package pan installed. You can install it by running: install.packages("pan").
1. Open R and load the packages mice, lattice and pan.
require(mice)
require(lattice)
require(pan)
set.seed(123)We choose seed value 123. This is an arbitrary value; any value would be an equally good seed value. Fixing the random seed enables you (and others) to exactly replicate anything that involves random number generators. If you set the seed in your R instance to 123, you will get the exact same results and plots as we present in this document.
We are going to work with the popularity data from Joop Hox (2010). The variables in this data set are described as follows:
| pupil | Pupil number within class |
| class | Class number |
| extrav | Pupil extraversion |
| sex | Pupil gender |
| texp | Teacher experience (years) |
| popular | Pupil popularity |
| popteach | Teacher popularity |
Inspection of the incomplete data
1. Open the popular.RData workspace. From your working directory, run
load("popular.RData")or specify the path. For example,
load("C:/Users/youraccount/Documents/popular.RData")Alternatively, just click the popular.RData file to open the data.
This workspace contains several datasets and functions that, when loaded, are available to you in R. If you’d like to see what is inside: run the following code
ls()## [1] "icc" "mice.impute.2lonly.mean2"
## [3] "popMCAR" "popMCAR2"
## [5] "popNCR" "popNCR2"
## [7] "popNCR3" "popular"The dataset popNCR is a variation on the Hox (2010) data, where the missingness in the variables is either missing at random (MAR) or missing not at random (MNAR).
2. Check with the functions head(), dim() - alternatively one could use nrow() and ncol() instead of dim() - and summary() how large the dataset is, of which variables the data frame consists and if there are missing values in a variable.
head(popNCR)## pupil class extrav sex texp popular popteach
## 1 1 1 5 1 NA 6.3 NA
## 2 2 1 NA 0 24 4.9 NA
## 3 3 1 4 1 NA 5.3 6
## 4 4 1 3 <NA> NA 4.7 5
## 5 5 1 5 1 24 NA 6
## 6 6 1 NA 0 NA 4.7 5dim(popNCR)## [1] 2000 7nrow(popNCR)## [1] 2000ncol(popNCR)## [1] 7summary(popNCR)## pupil class extrav sex texp
## Min. : 1.00 17 : 26 Min. : 1.000 0 :661 Min. : 2.0
## 1st Qu.: 6.00 63 : 25 1st Qu.: 4.000 1 :843 1st Qu.: 7.0
## Median :11.00 10 : 24 Median : 5.000 NA's:496 Median :12.0
## Mean :10.65 15 : 24 Mean : 5.313 Mean :11.8
## 3rd Qu.:16.00 4 : 23 3rd Qu.: 6.000 3rd Qu.:16.0
## Max. :26.00 21 : 23 Max. :10.000 Max. :25.0
## (Other):1855 NA's :516 NA's :976
## popular popteach
## Min. :0.000 Min. : 1.000
## 1st Qu.:3.900 1st Qu.: 4.000
## Median :4.800 Median : 5.000
## Mean :4.829 Mean : 4.834
## 3rd Qu.:5.800 3rd Qu.: 6.000
## Max. :9.100 Max. :10.000
## NA's :510 NA's :528The data set has 2000 rows and 7 columns (variables). The variables extrav, sex, texp, popular and popteach contain missings. About a quarter of these variables is missing, except for texp where 50 % is missing.
3. As we have seen before, the function md.pattern() is used to display all different missing data patterns. How many different missing data patterns are present in the popNCR dataframe and which patterns occur most frequently in the data? Also find out how many patterns we would observe when variable texp (teacher experience) is not considered.
md.pattern(popNCR)## pupil class sex popular extrav popteach texp
## 308 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
## 114 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
## 102 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
## 279 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
## 119 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## 110 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
## 85 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 2
## 98 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 2
## 89 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 2
## 29 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 2
## 19 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 2
## 113 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 2
## 33 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 2
## 25 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 2
## 115 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2
## 50 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 2
## 56 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 3
## 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 3
## 21 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 3
## 27 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 3
## 9 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 3
## 24 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 3
## 29 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 3
## 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 3
## 13 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 3
## 75 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 3
## 9 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 4
## 14 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 4
## 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 4
## 14 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 4
## 11 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 4
## 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 5
## 0 0 496 510 516 528 976 3026There are 32 unique patterns. The pattern where everything is observed and the pattern where only texp is missing occur most frequently.
If we omit texp, then the following pattern matrix is realized:
md.pattern(popNCR[ , -5])## pupil class sex popular extrav popteach
## 587 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
## 212 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
## 191 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
## 232 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
## 225 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
## 141 1 1 0 1 0 1 2
## 50 1 1 1 0 0 1 2
## 46 1 1 0 0 1 1 2
## 57 1 1 1 1 0 0 2
## 54 1 1 0 1 1 0 2
## 125 1 1 1 0 1 0 2
## 13 1 1 0 0 0 1 3
## 23 1 1 0 1 0 0 3
## 16 1 1 1 0 0 0 3
## 24 1 1 0 0 1 0 3
## 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 4
## 0 0 496 510 516 528 2050Without texp, there are only 16 patterns.
4. Let’s focus more precisely on the missing data patterns. Does the missing data of popular depend on popteach? One could for example check this by making a histogram of popteach separately for the pupils with known popularity and missing popularity.
In R the missingness indicator
is.na(popNCR$popular)## [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE
## [12] FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
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## [1992] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSEis a dummy variable of the same length as popular with value 0 (FALSE) for observed pupil popularity and 1 (TRUE) for missing pupil popularity. A histogram can be made with the function histogram(). The code for a conditional histogram of popteach given the missingness indicator for popular is
histogram(~ popteach | is.na(popular), data=popNCR)
We do see that the histogram for the missing popular (TRUE) is further to the right than the histogram for observed popular (FALSE). This would indicate a right-tailed MAR missingness. In fact this is exactly what happens, because we created the missingness in these data ourselves. But we can make it observable by examining the relations between the missingness in popular and the observed data in popteach.
5. Does the missingness of the other incomplete variables depend on popteach? If yes, what is the direction of the relation?
histogram(~ popteach | is.na(sex), data = popNCR) 
There seems to be a left-tailed relation between popteach and the missingness in sex.
histogram(~ popteach | is.na(extrav), data = popNCR)
There also seems to be a left-tailed relation between popteach and the missingness in extrav.
histogram(~ popteach | is.na(texp), data = popNCR)
There seems to be no observable relation between popteach and the missingness in texp. It might be MCAR or even MNAR.
6. Find out if the missingness in teacher popularity depends on pupil popularity.
histogram(~ popular | is.na(popteach), data = popNCR)